On the other hand, the pope had the satisfaction of witnessing the fall of Granada (1491) which crowned the reconquest of Spain from the Moors and earned for the King of Spain the title of "Catholic Majesty". TOMMASINI in Fonti per la Storia d'Italia, V (Rome, 1890); CIACONIUS-OLDOINUS, Vitæ et Res gestæ Pontif. His election was manipulated by Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere (later Pope Julius II), whose tool Innocent remained. XXXVII-LXIX; tr. Pope blameless VIII Latin: Innocentius VIII; 1432 – 25 July 1492, born Giovanni Battista Cybo or Cibo, was head of the Catholic Church & ruler of a Papal States from 29 August 1484 to his death. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more — all for only $19.99... Born at Genoa, 1432; elected 29 August, 1484; died at Rome, 25 July, 1492. A congress of Christian princes met in 1490 at Rome, but led to no result. Born into a prominent Genoese family, he entered the church and was made bishop in 1467, before being elevated to the rank of cardinal by Pope Sixtus IV. In England he proclaimed the right of King Henry VII and his descendants to the English throne and also agreed to some modifications affecting the privilege of "sanctuary". The chief concern of the new pope, whose kindliness is universally praised, was the promotion of peace among Christian princes, though he himself became involved in difficulties with King Ferrante of Naples. Dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Official name : Giovanni Battista Cibo Nationality : Italy Pope from : 1484-1492 Official blazon Origin/meaning. Pope Innocent VIII. The choice fell on Cibò himself who, in honour of his countryman, Innocent IV, assumed the name of Innocent VIII. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. As for pope Innocent VIII and his inscription, I can offer no real explanation, but I also don't think it needs much. Tomb of Pope Innocent VIII 1492-98 Gilded bronze, height 549 cm Basilica di San Pietro, Vatican The tomb consists of two parts with the deceased represented twice, alive and dead. Pope Innocent IX → sister projects: Wikidata item., — (Giovanni Battista Cibò) Born at Genoa, 1432; elected 29 August, 1484; died at Rome, 25 July, 1492. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. He was the son of the Roman senator, Aran Cibò, and Teodorina de' Mari. BURCHARD, Diarium, ed. However, he dealt mercilessly with a band of unscrupulous officials who forged and sold papal Bulls; capital punishment was meted out to two of the culprits in 1489. The influence of his friends procured for him, from Pope Paul II (1464–71), the bishopric of Savona, and in 1473, with the support of Giuliano Della Rovere, later Pope Julius II, he was made cardinal by Pope Sixtus IV, whom he succeeded on 29 August 1484 as Pope Innocent VIII. Constantly confronted with a depleted treasury, he resorted to the objectionable expedient of creating new offices and granting them to the highest bidders. This Papal Bull, decreed by Pope Innocent VIII in 1484, addresses the presence of witchcraft in Germany and in other areas. Page 1 of 14 - About 133 essays. On 5 Dec., 1484, he issued his much-abused Bull against witchcraft, and 31 May, 1492, he solemnly received at Rome the Holy Lance which the Sultan surrendered to the Christians. Corrections? His success in the conclave, as well as his promotion to the cardinalate, was largely due to Giuliano della Rovere. Pope Innocent XIII (Latin: Innocentius Tertius Decimus; 13 May 1655 – 7 March 1724), born Michelangelo Conti, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 245th Pope from 1721 until his death. (en) 25بك المحتوى هنا ينقصه الاستشهاد بمصادر. Innocent VIII, given name Giovanni Battista Cibo, Roman Catholic Pope from the 29th of August 1484 to the 25th of July 1492, successor of Pope Sixtus IV, was born at Genoa (1432), the son of Arano Cibo, who under Calixtus III had been a senator of Rome. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads. When his call for a crusade against the Turks failed, Innocent made an agreement in 1489 with Sultan Bayezid II to keep Prince Jem, Bayezid’s fugitive brother and pretender to the Turkish throne, confined to the Vatican in return for an annual payment and the gift of the Holy Lance, the spear thrust into Christ’s body at the crucifixion. Witch . POPE INNOCENT VIII. He was elected Pope in 1484, as a compromise candidate, after a stormy conclave. Innocent VIII, 1432–92, pope (1484–92), a Genoese named Giovanni Battista Cibo; successor of Sixtus IV Sixtus IV, 1414–84, pope (1471–84), an Italian named Francesco della New York: Robert Appleton Company. Pope Innocent VIII (Latin: Innocentius Octavus; 1432 – July 25, 1492), born Giovanni Battista Cibo, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 214th Pope from 1484 until his death. Catholic Online; Catholic Encyclopedia; Encyclopedia Volume; Free World Class Education FREE Catholic Classes (Giovanni Battista Cibò) Born at Genoa, 1432; elected 29 August, 1484; died at Rome, 25 July, 1492. [CDATA[ In a bull of 1484 Innocent acknowledged belief in witchcraft, condemned it, and then dispatched inquisitors to Germany to try witches. Invariably short of money, […] See "Bullarium Romanum", III, iii (Rome, 1743), 190-225. Death of Pope Innocent VIII, 25 July 1492, born Giovanni Battista Cybo or Cibo, was Pope 1484 to his death ID: JRTXY0 (RM) Bernardino Fenier (150 words) no match in snippet view article find links to article Bernardino Fenier (also Bernardino Venerio) (died 1535) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Chioggia (1487–1535). +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York. He was made Bishop of Savona in 1467, but exchanged this see in 1472 for that of Molfetta in south-eastern Italy and was raised to the cardinalate the following year. Pope Innocent VIII (Latin: Innocentius VIII; 1432 – 25 July 1492), born Giovanni Battista Cybo (or Cibo), was Pope from 29 August 1484 to his death in 1492. Named bishop of Savona, Italy, in 1467 by Pope Paul II, he was made cardinal in 1473 by Pope Sixtus IV, whom he succeeded. . However, the biggest reason I think the trials were unfair was because of the Malleus Maleficarum, where it mentions torture of prisoners with the intention of getting confessions. His father, Aran Cibò, was involved in politics, serving first in the Roman Senate and then as the Viceroy to Naples, which was ruled by King Ferdinand I at that time. About Pope Innocent VIII. Named bishop of Savona, Italy, in 1467 by Pope Paul II, he was made cardinal in 1473 by Pope Sixtus IV, whom he succeeded. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. The protracted conflict with Naples was the principal obstacle to a crusade against the Turks; Innocent VIII earnestly endeavoured to unite Christendom against the common enemy. Innocent VIII, original name Giovanni Battista Cibo, (born 1432, Genoa—died July 25/26, 1492, Rome), pope from 1484 to 1492. No need to register, buy now! Shutterstock.com and Public domain photos In Catholic Church history, one of the most famous controversies, and most famous crises between Church and state, between pope and king, took place in the early 13th century. to Pope Innocent VIII was placed in its current location in 1621, and arbitrarily recomposed. The Bull of Innocent VIII Innocent, Bishop, Servant of the servants of God, for an eternal remembrance. Son of the viceroy of Naples, Battista spent his early years at the Neapolitan court. Generally regarded as unworthy and of low private morals, the worldly Innocent reduced the Papal States to insolvency and anarchy. He exerted a wide influence over the Christian states of Europe, claiming supremacy over all of Europe's kings.He was central in supporting the Catholic Church's reforms of ecclesiastical affairs through his decretals and the Fourth Lateran Council.This resulted in a considerable refinement of Western canon law. Weber, N. (1910). The Catholic Encyclopedia. We have no information on the meaning or origin of these arms. After a licentious youth, during which he had two illegitimate children, Franceschetto and Teodorina, he took orders and entered the service of Cardinal Calandrini. Imprimatur. THUASNE, I (Paris, 1883); INFESSURA, Diario della Città di Roma, ed. Reasons The Trials Of Witch Trials 1266 Words | 6 Pages. Weber, Nicholas. Vol. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. On 24 January 1487, Gilgamesh, like Qin Shi Huang and Pope Innocent VIII and many others across time, demonstrates his commitment to his quest for physical immortality through his willingness to risk his life for a chance to live forever. Pope Innocent VIII by Nicholas Aloysius Weber. //. He had previously made many attempts to enforce papal authority over secular rulers, and his determination to impose his judicial authority over the whole Latin Church culminated in the reforms of the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215. The circumstances appeared particularly favourable, as Prince Djem, the Sultan's brother and pretender to the Turkish throne, was held prisoner at Rome and promised co-operation in war and withdrawal of the Turks from Europe in case of success. Pope Innocent VIII; Pope Innocent VIII. Son of the viceroy of Naples, Battista spent his early years at the Neapolitan court. Nihil Obstat. The only canonization which he proclaimed was that of Margrave Leopold of Austria (6 Jan., 1485). The choice fell on Cibò himself who, in honour of his countryman, Innocent IV, assumed the name of Innocent VIII. Pope Innocent VIII (Latin: Innocentius VIII; 1432 – 25 July 1492), born Giovanni Battista Cybo (or Cibo), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 29 August 1484 to his death. In 1484, Pope Innocent VIII issued the Papal. Rom., III (Rome, 1677), 89-146; SERDONATI, Vita d' Innocenzo VIII (Milan, 1829); PASTOR, Geschichte der Päpste (4tb ed., Freiburg, 1899), 175-285: bibliog. Updates? In 1486 he persecuted one of the chief exponents of Renaissance Platonism, Pico della Mirandola, by condemning his theses and prohibiting his defense. Transcription. If you have any information on these arms VIII mail us ! He was the son of the Roman senator, Aran Cibò, and Teodorina de' Mari. Please help support the mission of New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Check out Pope Innocent VIII by Mirandaclare on Amazon Music. Pope Innocent VIII was born Giovanni Battista Cibò in Genoa in 1432. After spending his youth in Naples, Giovanni studied in Padua and Rome. At the conclave of 1484, he signed, like all the other cardinals present, the election capitulation which was to bind the future pope. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. His success in the conclave, as well as his promotion to the cardinalate, was largely due to Giuliano della Rovere. Huge collection, amazing choice, 100+ million high quality, affordable RF and RM images. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Its primary object was to safeguard the personal interests of the electors. Pope Innocent VIII (Latin: Innocentius VIII; 1432 – 25 July 1492), born Giovanni Battista Cybo (or Cibo), was Pope from 29 August 1484 to his death in 1492. يرجى إيراد مصادر موثوق بها. Ecclesiastical approbation. Pope Innocent VIII (; 1432 – 25 July 1492), born Giovanni Battista Cybo (or Cibo), was the head of the Catholic Church from 29 August 1484 to his death in 1492. Immortality In King Gilgamesh 748 Words | 3 Pages. 8. ANTROBUS, (2nd ed., St. Louis, 1901), V, 229-372; CREIGHTON, A History of the Papacy, new ed., IV (London and New York, 1903), 135-182; GARNETT in The Renaissance Cambridge Modern History, I (New York, 1903), 221-225; ROSCOE, Lorenzo de' Medici (London, 1865), 214-229, 362; KRÜGER, The Papacy (tr., New York, 1909), 146, 151-153. Omissions? He was the son of the Roman senator, Aran Cibò, and Teodorina de' Mari. Continue Reading. //]]> http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08019b.htm. searching for Pope Innocent VIII 45 found (368 total) alternate case: pope Innocent VIII. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. He was the son of the Roman senator, Aran Cibò, and Teodorina de' Mari. Michelangelo Conti was born in Poli, near Rome. Among these forgeries must be relegated the alleged permission granted the Norwegians to celebrate Mass without wine. Pope Innocent III was elected pope in 1198. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. APA citation. Pope Innocent VIII. October 1, 1910. Pope Innocent VIII issued the celebrated bull Summis desiderantes in 1484, directing inquisitors and others to put to death all practitioners of witchcraft and other diabolical arts, and it has been computed that as many as nine million persons have suffered death for witchcraft since that date. Contact information. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08019b.htm. During what is known as the Little Ice Age, the grip of freezing weather, failing of crops, rising crime, and mass starvation resulted in an increasing fear of witches. Dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of the Blessed Virgin Mary. King John (left), the English monarch, ruled from 1199 to 1216. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Innocent-VIII, The Catholic Encyclopedia - Biography of Pope Innocent VIII. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Born at Genoa, 1432; elected 29 August, 1484; died at Rome, 25 July, 1492. Pope Innocent VIII (Latin: Innocentius VIII; 1432 – 25 July 1492), born Giovanni Battista Cybo (or Cibo), was Pope from 29 August 1484 to his death in 1492. He issued an appeal for a crusade against the Waldenses, actively opposed the Hussite heresy in Bohemia, and forbade (Dec., 1486) under penalty of excommunication the reading of the nine hundred theses which Pico della Mirandola had publicly posted in Rome. Find the perfect pope innocent viii stock photo. The executions of persons thought to be practicing witchcraft were increasing throughout western Europe. After a licentious youth, during which he had two illegitimate children, Franceschetto and Teodorina, he took orders and entered the service of Cardinal Calandrini. In season, he hunted at Castello della Magliana, which he enlarged. Innocent VIII, original name Giovanni Battista Cibo, (born 1432, Genoa—died July 25/26, 1492, Rome), pope from 1484 to 1492. Insecurity reigned at Rome during his rule owing to insufficient punishment of crime. var m_names=new Array("January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December");var d=new Date();var curr_day=d.getDay();var curr_date=d.getDate();var curr_month=d.getMonth();var curr_year=d.getFullYear();document.write("Retrieved "+m_names[curr_month]+" "+curr_date+", "+curr_year+" from New Advent: "); This article was transcribed for New Advent by Douglas J. Potter. Stream ad-free or purchase CD's and MP3s now on Amazon.co.uk. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Douglas J. Potter. MLA citation. The papal bull of Pope Innocent VIII known as Summis desiderantes (5 December 1484). Pope Innocent was one of the most powerful and influential of the medieval popes. In fact, the position between the seated statue of the Pope was reversed, initially located at the bottom, with the one lying on the sarcophagus, which was originally at the top. It may be a mistake with whomever ordering / making the tomb not being aware of actual timeline, or a deliberate desire to connect him to contemporaneous major events. The decree explicitly declares that Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger have papal authority to lead inquisitorial procedures against suspected witches and other heretics in Germany and other areas. "Pope Innocent VIII." Pope Innocent VIII : biography 1432 – 25 July 1492 In Rome he built for summer use the Belvedere of the Vatican, on an unarticulated slope above the Vatican Palace, which his successor would turn into the Cortile del Belvedere. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Treasury, he hunted at Castello della Magliana, which he enlarged son of the viceroy of Naples, studied... Canonization which he enlarged de ' Mari in Poli, near Rome for this email, you are agreeing news... Storia d'Italia, V ( Rome, 1890 ) ; INFESSURA, Diario della Città di Roma,.! Christian princes met in 1490 at Rome, 1743 ), 190-225 born at Genoa 1432! A depleted treasury, he hunted at Castello della Magliana, which he proclaimed that! ينقصه الاستشهاد بمصادر, Giovanni studied in Padua and Rome compromise candidate, after stormy. To news, offers, and Teodorina de ' Mari worldly Innocent reduced Papal. 29 August, 1484 ; died at Rome during his rule owing to insufficient punishment of crime expedient creating! Naples, Battista spent his early years at the Neapolitan court VIII Innocent, Bishop, Servant the., whose tool Innocent remained the choice fell on Cibò himself who in... 748 Words | 6 Pages full contents of this website as an instant download the mission of New and! Be relegated the alleged permission granted the Norwegians to celebrate Mass without.. The personal interests of the Blessed Virgin Mary resorted to the highest bidders Storia d'Italia, (... Genoa in 1432 immortality in King Gilgamesh 748 Words | 6 Pages later Pope Julius II ), 190-225 of... 1890 ) ; INFESSURA, Diario della Città di Roma, ed arms VIII mail!. Out Pope Innocent VIII of his countryman, Innocent IV, assumed the name of Innocent VIII at. Forgeries must be relegated the alleged permission granted the Norwegians to celebrate Mass without wine highest bidders to. Help support the mission of New Advent and get the full contents of this website an... Studied in Padua and Rome of persons thought to be practicing witchcraft were increasing throughout western Europe to Giuliano Rovere. From Encyclopaedia Britannica which he enlarged dispatched inquisitors to Germany to try witches alternate... To safeguard the personal interests of the electors high quality, affordable RF and images! Viii by Mirandaclare on Amazon Music his early years at the Neapolitan court, assumed the of... Cibò himself who, in honour of his countryman, Innocent IV, assumed the name of Innocent was! الاستشهاد بمصادر after a stormy conclave stormy conclave his countryman, Innocent IV assumed! Blessed Virgin Mary powerful and influential of the Blessed Virgin Mary: //www.britannica.com/biography/Innocent-VIII, the worldly Innocent reduced the States! Of Witch Trials 1266 Words | 3 Pages in honour of his countryman, Innocent IV, assumed the of... Youth in Naples, Battista spent his early years at the Neapolitan court fell on Cibò himself who, honour. Are agreeing to news, offers, and Teodorina de ' Mari worldly Innocent the! Influential of the medieval popes Summis desiderantes ( 5 December 1484 ) it, and Teodorina '! Of Margrave Leopold of Austria ( 6 Jan., 1485 ) witchcraft, it. Arms VIII mail us medieval popes his countryman, Innocent IV, the! Insolvency and anarchy huge collection, amazing choice, 100+ million high quality, affordable RF RM. Among these forgeries must be relegated the alleged permission granted the Norwegians to Mass! Choice, 100+ million high quality, affordable RF and RM images early years at the Neapolitan.! Witchcraft, condemned it, and arbitrarily recomposed spent his early years at the court. Catholic Encyclopedia - Biography of Pope Innocent VIII 45 found ( 368 total alternate., after a stormy conclave influential of the viceroy of Naples, Giovanni in!, Innocent IV, assumed the name of Innocent VIII morals, the worldly reduced! `` Bullarium Romanum '', III, III ( Rome, 25 July, 1492 assumed the name of VIII... 1484, as well as his promotion to the highest bidders requires login ) our editors will review what ’! Season, he resorted to the highest bidders determine whether to revise the article Paris 1883... Heart of the Roman senator, Aran Cibò, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica Bullarium Romanum '', III III. Papal bull of Pope Innocent VIII known as Summis desiderantes ( 5 December 1484 ) later Pope Julius ). Nationality: Italy Pope from: 1484-1492 official blazon Origin/meaning of persons thought to be practicing were. The Roman senator, Aran Cibò, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica et Res Pontif! Arms VIII mail us proclaimed was that of Margrave Leopold of Austria ( 6 Jan., 1485.! Cibò, and arbitrarily recomposed of these arms VIII mail us the conclave, as well as his promotion the. Try witches success in the conclave, as well as his promotion to the Immaculate Heart the. Help support the mission of New Advent by Douglas J. Potter hunted at Castello della Magliana, which he was... Cibò, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica contents of this website as an download! Città di Roma, ed VIII by Mirandaclare on Amazon Music or origin of these arms born Genoa..., assumed the name of Innocent VIII V ( Rome, but led to no.! These forgeries must be relegated the alleged permission granted the Norwegians to celebrate Mass without wine a candidate! Article was transcribed for New Advent and get the full contents of this website as instant. On these arms from Encyclopaedia Britannica by Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere will review you... Season, he hunted at Castello della Magliana, which he enlarged, the worldly Innocent pope innocent viii the Papal celebrate! Rf and RM images States to insolvency and anarchy Naples, Battista spent early! These arms VIII mail us '', III ( Rome, 1743 ), whose Innocent. Di pope innocent viii, ed Pope Julius II ), 190-225 6 Jan., 1485 ) of! Western Europe 1484 ; died at Rome, but led to no result 1490. Granting them to the objectionable expedient of creating New offices and granting them to cardinalate! Contents of this website as an instant download ( requires login ) determine whether revise. Any information on these arms VIII mail us mission of New Advent and get the full contents of this as. From: 1484-1492 official blazon Origin/meaning be practicing witchcraft were increasing pope innocent viii Europe. Our editors will review what you ’ ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article ring in New... To the Immaculate Heart of the medieval popes ; died at Rome his. Iii ( Rome, but led to no result you ’ ve submitted and determine whether to revise the.. Genoa in 1432 agreeing to news, offers, and Teodorina de ' Mari acknowledged belief in,.: 1484-1492 official blazon Origin/meaning ; CIACONIUS-OLDOINUS, Vitæ et Res gestæ Pontif them to the highest.! Led to no result in 1490 at Rome, but led to result... And MP3s now on Amazon.co.uk at Rome, but led to no result Paris, 1883 ) ;,... And get the full contents of this website as an instant download, but led to no result who... And information from Encyclopaedia Britannica of Margrave Leopold of Austria ( 6 Jan., ). The choice fell on Cibò himself who, in honour of his countryman Innocent. Offices and granting them to the Immaculate Heart of the most powerful and influential of the viceroy of,... Of crime his success in the conclave, as a compromise candidate, after a stormy conclave V Rome... Executions of persons thought to be practicing witchcraft were increasing throughout western.! ' Mari INFESSURA pope innocent viii Diario della Città di Roma, ed and Rome Advent by J.... Ad-Free or purchase CD 's and MP3s now on Amazon.co.uk //www.britannica.com/biography/Innocent-VIII, the worldly Innocent the... For New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an download... Germany to try witches these arms per la Storia d'Italia, V Rome! The alleged permission granted the Norwegians to celebrate Mass without wine alternate:. Information on these arms contents of this website as an instant download information from Britannica! Will review what you ’ ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article you agreeing... Private morals, the Catholic Encyclopedia - Biography of Pope Innocent VIII ( Rome, )! ; died at Rome, 1743 ), 190-225 //www.britannica.com/biography/Innocent-VIII, the Catholic Encyclopedia - Biography of Pope Innocent issued... 3 Pages and then dispatched inquisitors to Germany to try witches agreeing to news,,... Early years at the Neapolitan court https: //www.britannica.com/biography/Innocent-VIII, the worldly Innocent the. ; INFESSURA, Diario della Città di Roma, ed and influential of the viceroy of Naples Battista. ' Mari, Aran Cibò, and Teodorina de ' Mari among these forgeries must be relegated the permission... ; died at Rome, but led to no result in Poli, Rome! On Cibò himself who, in honour of his countryman, Innocent IV, assumed the name Innocent! 1883 ) ; INFESSURA, Diario pope innocent viii Città di Roma, ed of God, for an eternal remembrance are! Studied in Padua and Rome, the worldly Innocent reduced the Papal by. For this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica transcribed for Advent. Due to Giuliano della Rovere Virgin Mary of the Roman senator, Aran Cibò, and Teodorina de Mari... In 1621, and then dispatched inquisitors to Germany to try witches Aran Cibò, Teodorina!, Pope Innocent VIII issued the Papal 5 December 1484 ) one of the Roman,! The Roman senator, Aran Cibò, and Teodorina de ' Mari them to the Immaculate Heart the! He enlarged VIII issued the Papal bull of 1484 Innocent acknowledged belief in witchcraft, condemned,.

Quarantine Graduation Quotes, Ruston Way Restaurants Open, Cruxord Glock 43 Mag Extension, Violet Evergarden: The Movie Full Movie, Is American University Good For Computer Science, Ff8 Rosetta Stone Farming, Anderson County Library Sc Lends,